Modern operations to restore vision are high-tech and safe procedures that can eliminate almost any ophthalmological problem.They have been successfully used for several decades, so the methods are constantly developing, expanding and becoming more effective.Improvement of visual functions is achieved using hardware correction of the structure of the cornea, lens, retina and other elements of the optical system of the eye.Correctly selected technology allows not only to completely restore vision, but also to reduce the risk of complications.From the article, you will learn what ophthalmological operations are, their use and possible risks.
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Thanks to the advancement of medical methods, operations to restore vision today are safe and minimally invasive procedures.Their duration does not exceed a few hours, and there is no need for complex rehabilitation measures in the future.The choice of surgical treatment method is selected depending on the disease, age and general condition.
Laser correction
The most popular type of surgery to correct visual acuity.Today, these are advanced high-tech methods that are highly effective and have a minimal risk of complications.It allows to overcome myopia, farsightedness and astigmatism.After the procedure, visual acuity is maintained for a long time, and if you follow all the ophthalmologist's instructions, you can avoid repeated intervention.There are types of laser correction:
- Lasik.The main type of surgery to restore visual acuity.First, the surface layer of the cornea is separated with a microkerat and then its shape is changed using a laser beam.The main disadvantage of this type of correction is that it is impossible to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient's eye anatomy;
- Super Lasik.An improved version of the traditional Lasik technique.As it takes into account the structure of the patient's visual system, it allows to get a better result.It is used in the most modern clinics of the world;
- Femto lasik.A similar type of operation, the only difference is that the cornea is not cut with a microkerat, but with a special femto laser.There is also an improved version, which depends on the individual characteristics of the patient during the operation - Super Shnom Lasik;
- Epi-lasik.The mechanism of the procedure is the same as the traditional lasik method, but this operation is prescribed only to patients with a thin cornea (acquired or congenital);
- Prk (frk).Photorefractory Keratectomy has been performed since 1985.Today, it is used when there are contraindications to conventional correction methods with a normal cornea or serious ophthalmological diseases.The healing process is always painful and the recovery time is longer than with other methods.
Vision correction operations take no more than 15 minutes.After the procedure, it is necessary to wear a protective bandage for a few hours, but it falls off within 1-2 months.The risk of complications is minimal;If there is a significant decrease in vision, it is necessary to re-treat.
Vitrectomy
This is a procedure to completely or partially remove the vitreous humor of the eyelid.It is performed under general or local anesthesia;In the absence of complexity, it dissolves in 2-3 hours.First, small punctures are made in the eye socket, where further manipulations are carried out.As a rule, this includes laser ablation of the affected areas of the retina, compression of bundles, or laser caution for restoring tissue integrity.The procedure is prescribed for the following problems:
- recovery of visual functions after bleeding in eye tissues;
- prevention of age-related retinal detachment;
- Treatment of severe ocular retinopathy (enlargement of blood vessels) causing gross pruritus or nonvascularization.
A balanced salt solution is used, such as artificial polymers, gas bubbles, silicone oil or vitreous substitutes.The latter type is used more often, because no further operation is required - the saline solution is subsequently replaced by intraocular fluid.
After the operation, side effects are possible in the form of corneal edema, increased or decreased intraocular pressure.Recovery and prognosis depend on the extent of the lesion, as well as the type of prosthesis used to replace the vitreous.If there are irreversible changes in the optic nerve, it is almost impossible to achieve vision correction.
Scleroplasty
A general ophthalmological procedure aimed at strengthening the outer layer of the eye (sclera).It does not correct visual functions, but is prescribed to stabilize the degree of myopia in a patient at risk.It is recommended for teenagers who suffer from this problem, because the shape of the eye is actively changing at this age.
During the operation, a smear of the required amount of material is placed behind the back wall of the eyelid to strengthen the sclera.Usually polymers or biological components are used.After that, the adhesion grows into the outer shell of the eye, and after a few months, the blood vessels necessary to maintain visual functions grow into the flap.There is also a simplified version of Scleroplasty.This involves the application of an artificial or biological substance behind the eyelid.The mechanism of action of this technology is the same - it prevents the growth of the eyelid.
It's a well-studied operation that has remained largely unchanged over the years.It is carried out in most clinics.Except for a possible allergy to the drug, there are practically no side effects.Reoperation is usually required.
Lens replacement
A necessary operation prescribed for cloudy or any other degenerative processes in the lenses, for example, cataracts.Treatment is always mandatory, but the implant is selected individually depending on age, gender and severity of pathological changes in the eye.Lens replacement is prescribed in the following cases:
- high degree of myopia and farsightedness;
- significant decrease in refraction;
- Regenerative processes in the eyes, age-related vision loss;
- impossibility of restoring laser vision;
- cataract;
- The possibility of developing glaucoma against the background of a systemic or ophthalmological disease.
The procedure is always performed under local anesthesia.During the operation, the surgeon makes a small incision with a laser, after which a special tool liquefies the patient's lens and removes it from the eye.After that, the prepared package is installed.The intervention does not exceed 25 minutes;Subsequent sutures and hospital admission are not recovered.
The operation is performed in most private and public clinics.Complications are not usually observed after the manipulation, but subsequent laser vision correction is often prescribed.In rare cases, the lens needs to be changed again.
Keratoplasty (corneal replacement)
It is one of the most modern and complex ophthalmic operations involving many risks and requiring a highly qualified surgeon.It is required to restore the anatomical integrity and physiological functions of the cornea.It is indicated for the treatment of congenital or acquired defects caused by injury or disease.Healthy tissue for transplantation is taken only from donors, but the development of artificial replacement continues in many countries.Keratoplasty is recommended to solve the following problems:
- Treatment of corneal diseases (wounds, tone disorders);
- mechanical or chemical damage;
- Birth defects.
The operation takes no more than 30 minutes.During the procedure, the surgeon uses a laser or a special scalpel to perform a part of the patient's cornea and implant donor tissue.Stitches can last a year, after which a special lens is selected to reduce the risk of infection.The recovery period is from 4 weeks, during which antibiotics are necessary, but regular examinations are required during the next year.
In recent years, it has been possible to significantly reduce the risk of donor tissue rejection due to the use of special compounds during processing and preservation.
Retinal laser treatment
Surgical method for retinal tissue regeneration.The effectiveness of the method is more than 70%, and you can return to your normal lifestyle within 24 hours after its implementation.Observations by an ophthalmologist are required one year after the procedure.
Today, the operation is performed using a laser, which eliminates the need for blood loss.It is performed under local anesthesia, the procedure takes no more than 20 minutes.
Before exposure to the laser, drops are placed to dilate the droplet pupil, and then a special protective lens is placed through which the exposure occurs at low frequencies.Due to high temperature, damaged cells and small blood vessels stick together.
The coagulation procedure is necessary for any damage and pathology of the retina, as well as eye tumors and diseases of the vascular system of this organ.After surgery, inflammation and cloudiness may develop.For several years after the correction, you should not engage in heavy physical labor or active sports.
Cut off
An effective method for the treatment of various corneal diseases.It is carried out to strengthen the ligaments and other fibers in the corneal tissue necessary for keratoconus of various degrees or degenerative processes.
The operation is performed under local anesthesia.First, a small part of the cornea is cut with a special device and vitamin B2 is injected into the open area.Subsequent irradiation allows the tissue to be compressed by more than 200%.You should wear a protective contact lens for the first week after the operation and should be examined by a doctor within 6 months.The effect of the procedure lasts for 10 years, then a second operation is required.
Complications are rarely observed.The patient may experience inflammation, inflammation, or clouding of the cornea.
Glaucoma treatment
Ophthalmic surgery is necessary for various degrees of drug therapy that does not bring the desired result.The operation is used as a laser or surgical.
The laser method is considered the most successful.It is completely painless for the patient and there are practically no complications.During the procedure, a hole is made with a beam through which fluid is removed from the tissues of the eye to normalize the pressure.It is used to treat all types of glaucoma.
Manual surgery is less effective because there is a risk of complications after the procedure.Typically, this is a non-penetrating deep sclerectomy.The goal of the method is to reduce the approach pressure by slightly thinning the corneal layer.
After both types of surgery, the effect decreases with time.On average, a repeat operation is required after 5-7 years.This period can be extended with the help of authorized drug treatment.
The result
Today, the most modern ophthalmology clinics perform a number of surgical operations to correct vision.These are precise, high-tech methods that can be used to correct almost any eye defect.The choice of method depends on a number of factors - age, disease, individual structural characteristics of the patient's visual system.After surgery, the effect occurs almost immediately, and if all the doctor's instructions are followed, visual acuity can be maintained for a long time.